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<datestamp>2018-01-11</datestamp>
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<title lang=en>Inherited biotic protection in a neotropical pioneer plant.</title>
<creator>Dejean, Alain</creator>
<creator>Corbara, Bruno</creator>
<creator>Leroy, Céline</creator>
<creator>Delabie, Jacques H C</creator>
<creator>Rossi, Vivien</creator>
<creator>Céréghino, Régis</creator>
<contributor>Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG) ; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) - Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG) - AgroParisTech - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)</contributor>
<contributor>Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement - ECOLAB (ECOLAB) ; Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] (INP) - Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 (UPS) - Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)</contributor>
<contributor>Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE) ; Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP) - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)</contributor>
<contributor>Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, 45600-000, Itabuna, and Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, 45662-900 Ilhéus-Bahia, Brazil. ; Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, 45600-000, Itabuna, and Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, 45662-900 Ilhéus-Bahia, Brazil.</contributor>
<contributor>Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD)</contributor>
<description>International audience</description>
<source>ISSN: 1932-6203</source>
<source>PLoS ONE</source>
<publisher>Public Library of Science</publisher>
<identifier>hal-00825845</identifier>
<identifier>https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00825845</identifier>
<identifier>https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00825845/document</identifier>
<identifier>https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00825845/file/Dejean2011_Inherited.pdf</identifier>
<source>https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00825845</source>
<source>PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2011, 6 (3), pp.e18071. 〈10.1371/journal.pone.0018071〉</source>
<identifier>DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0018071</identifier>
<relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0018071</relation>
<identifier>PUBMED : 21483861</identifier>
<relation>info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/21483861</relation>
<language>en</language>
<subject>[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology</subject>
<subject>[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]</subject>
<type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</type>
<type>Journal articles</type>
<description lang=en>Chelonanthus alatus is a bat-pollinated, pioneer Gentianaceae that clusters in patches where still-standing, dried-out stems are interspersed among live individuals. Flowers bear circum-floral nectaries (CFNs) that are attractive to ants, and seed dispersal is both barochorous and anemochorous. Although, in this study, live individuals never sheltered ant colonies, dried-out hollow stems--that can remain standing for 2 years--did. Workers from species nesting in dried-out stems as well as from ground-nesting species exploited the CFNs of live C. alatus individuals in the same patches during the daytime, but were absent at night (when bat pollination occurs) on 60.5% of the plants. By visiting the CFNs, the ants indirectly protect the flowers--but not the plant foliage--from herbivorous insects. We show that this protection is provided mostly by species nesting in dried-out stems, predominantly Pseudomyrmex gracilis. That dried-out stems remain standing for years and are regularly replaced results in an opportunistic, but stable association where colonies are sheltered by one generation of dead C. alatus while the live individuals nearby, belonging to the next generation, provide them with nectar; in turn, the ants protect their flowers from herbivores. We suggest that the investment in wood by C. alatus individuals permitting still-standing, dried-out stems to shelter ant colonies constitutes an extended phenotype because foraging workers protect the flowers of live individuals in the same patch. Also, through this process these dried-out stems indirectly favor the reproduction (and so the fitness) of the next generation including both their own offspring and that of their siblings, all adding up to a potential case of inclusive fitness in plants.</description>
<date>2011</date>
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